Tutorial¶
Getting Started¶
Basic Operations¶
Let's start with some basic arithmetic operations:
;; Basic arithmetic
↪ (+ 1 2)
3
;; Multiple operations
↪ (* (+ 2 3) 4)
20
;; Working with decimals
↪ (/ 10 3)
3.333333
Variables¶
Variables are created using set:
;; Assign a value
↪ (set x 42)
42
;; Use the variable
↪ (+ x 10)
52
;; Multiple assignments
↪ (set y (+ x 5))
47
Working with Collections¶
Vectors¶
Vectors are homogeneous collections (all elements must be the same type):
;; Create a vector of numbers
↪ (set numbers [1 2 3 4 5])
[1 2 3 4 5]
;; Vector operations
↪ (* numbers 2) ;; Multiply each element by 2
[2 4 6 8 10]
;; Aggregations
↪ (avg numbers)
3
↪ (sum numbers)
15
Lists and Strings¶
Lists can contain mixed types, and strings must be created using lists:
;; Create a list of strings
↪ (set names (list "Alice" "Bob" "Charlie"))
["Alice" "Bob" "Charlie"]
;; Mixed type list
↪ (set data (list 1 "two" [3 4 5]))
[1 "two" [3 4 5]]
Working with Tables¶
Tables are the primary data structure for data analysis:
;; Create a simple table
↪ (set employees (table [name dept salary]
(list (list "Alice" "Bob" "Charlie")
['IT 'HR 'IT]
[75000 65000 85000])))
;; Display the table
↪ employees
┌─────────┬──────┬────────┐
│ name │ dept │ salary │
├─────────┼──────┼────────┤
│ Alice │ IT │ 75000 │
│ Bob │ HR │ 65000 │
│ Charlie │ IT │ 85000 │
└─────────┴──────┴────────┘
;; Query the table
↪ (select {name: name
avg_salary: (avg salary)
from: employees
by: dept})
┌──────┬────────────┐
│ dept │ avg_salary │
├──────┼────────────┤
│ IT │ 80000 │
│ HR │ 65000 │
└──────┴────────────┘
Working with Time¶
Rayforce has built-in support for temporal data:
;; Get current timestamp
↪ (set now (timestamp 'local))
2024.03.15T10:30:00
;; Extract components
↪ (as 'date now)
2024.03.15
↪ (as 'time now)
10:30:00
;; Date arithmetic
↪ (+ 2024.03.15 7) ;; Add 7 days
2024.03.22
Functions¶
Create reusable code with functions:
;; Define a simple function
↪ (set double (fn [x] (* x 2)))
↪ (double 21)
42
;; Function with multiple arguments
↪ (set salary-increase (fn [amount pct]
(+ amount (* amount (/ pct 100)))))
↪ (salary-increase 50000 10) ;; 10% increase
55000
;; Function with multiple expressions
↪ (set process-data (fn [data]
(set doubled (* data 2))
(set summed (sum doubled))
(/ summed (count data))))
↪ (process-data [1 2 3 4 5])
6
Error Handling¶
Handle errors gracefully with try/catch:
;; Basic error handling
↪ (try
(+ 1 'symbol)
(fn [x] x))
"type error: '+: expected 'i64, got 'Symbol"
;; Error handling in functions
↪ (set safe-divide (fn [x y]
(try
(+ x 'invalid)
(fn [msg]
(list "Error:" msg)))))
↪ (safe-divide 10 null)
["Error:" "type error: '+: expected 'i64, got 'Symbol"]
Working with Files¶
Load and save data:
;; Save code to file
↪ (save "calculations.rf" "(+ 1 2)")
;; Load and execute code
↪ (load "calculations.rf")
3
Performance Tips¶
Profiling Code¶
Use timeit to measure performance:
;; Measure execution time
↪ (timeit (sum [1 2 3 4 5]))
0.015 ;; Time in milliseconds
;; Compare operations
↪ (timeit (do
(set data [1 2 3 4 5])
(map {x: (* x 2)} data)))
0.245
Memory Management¶
Monitor and manage memory: